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Principles of Social Evolution (Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution), by Andrew F.G. Bourke
Ebook Principles of Social Evolution (Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution), by Andrew F.G. Bourke
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Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different species form mutualistic partnerships. Throughout the history of life, previously independent units have formed groups that, in time, have come to resemble individuals in their own right. Evolutionary biologists term such events "the major transitions". The process common to them all is social evolution. Each transition occurs only if natural selection favors one unit joining with another in a new kind of group.
This book presents a fresh synthesis of the principles of social evolution that underlie the major transitions, explaining how the basic theory underpinning social evolution - inclusive fitness theory - is central to understanding each event. The book defines the key stages in a major transition, then highlights the shared principles operating at each stage across the transitions as a whole. It addresses in new ways the question of how, once they have arisen, organisms and societies become more individualistic.
- Sales Rank: #1372361 in Books
- Published on: 2011-03-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.10" h x .70" w x 9.20" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 288 pages
Review
"A superb book, one that should change how we teach and think about life on our planet...an accessible, comprehensive, and highly readable overview, which will be invaluable in undergraduate teaching...equally suitable for frontline researchers from postgraduate to professorial levels." -- Stuart West, Science
"The book will be highly attractive to all those who are interested in the evolution of sociality, whether in insects or among individual cells. Its well-understandable account of inclusive fitness theory comes at a perfect time. It will rescue those who are confused by the current resurgence of models claiming that altruism, such as shown by the sterile somatic cells in our bodies or the workers in the societies of ants or termites, can evolve without relatedness. the much broadened, theoretical approach of this new book makes it an excellent complement to more descriptive treatises of conflict and cooperation." -- Jurgen Heinze, Biologie I, Universittat Regensburg, Myrmecological News
"This book is ideal for teaching undergraduates. Thanks to its clear structrure and the stringency of the arguments, the chapter on inclusive fitness could also serve as a stand-alone treatise. Yet in its scope and ambition, this work is not a textbook but rather sets the standard for the future of research in social evolution. As such, it will be indispensable for scholars in the field of social evolution in its broadest sense." -- Trends in Ecology and Evolution
About the Author
Andrew Bourke graduated with a degree in Zoology from the University of Cambridge in 1983, before conducting a PhD on the social biology of slave-making ants at the University of Bath. In 1988 he obtained a Junior Research Fellowship from Jesus College, Cambridge, which he held until 1991 in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge. In 1992, he moved to the Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, where he was a research fellow and latterly a Reader. He has held his present position as Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of East Anglia since 2006. His research focuses on the evolution of social behaviour, especially in ants and bees. He has published around 50 articles on the conservation, behavior, ecology, evolution, and genetics of the social insects, and is coauthor of the book Social Evolution in Ants. From 2000 to 2006, he was an editor, then Editor-in-Chief, of the journal Behavioral Ecology.
Most helpful customer reviews
16 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
A thorough, persuasive, and ambitious review and synthesis of inclusive fitness theory (aka, Hamilton's rule)
By Thomas J. Haslam
This book is intended for graduate students, advanced undergrads, and researchers in evolutionary biology, evolutionary genetics, and behavior ecology. It is scholarly not popular science writing, although the prose itself is clear and unpretentious, and the overall organization is outstanding.
Noting that "many still regard the business of social evolution as the beehive and baboon troop alone," Andrew Bourke seeks instead to "place inclusive fitness theory centre-stage in the analysis of the major transitions as whole" (5). The major transitions in the history of life being, for example, the origin of eukaryotes, the origin of multicellular organisms, and the origins of social organisms (10-15). (Bourke in fact defines six major transitions: 1. Separate replicators [genes] to cell enclosing genome; 2. Separate unicells to symbiotic unicell [eukaryotes]; 3. Asexual unicells to sexual unicells; 4. Unicells to multicellular organism; 5. Multicellular organisms to eusocial societies; and 6. Separate species to interspecific mutualisms).
As Bourke notes, "genes must cooperate to form a genome within a cell, cells must cooperate to form a multicellular organism, and multicellular organisms must cooperate to form a society" (5). Hamilton's rule properly understood, Burke argues, explains how and under what circumstances this cooperation occurs. In other words, common principles derived from inclusive fitness theory apply to each level of social organization, and so also can help explain each major transition. Bourke further divides each major transition into three principal stages: social group formation; social group maintenance; and social group transformation.
Before discussing in more detail what Bourke does cover, let me clarify what he does not.
Bourke does not cover "the appearance of complex social behaviours in humans" (25). This is not because he claims that human social behavior cannot be scientifically studied. He makes no such claims, and seems obviously to hold otherwise. Rather, as Bourke rightly points out, our "possession of language and culture inheritance," both more highly developed in humans than in other species, likely make "many of the puzzles posed by our social behaviour largely specific to ourselves" (25).
Although some will find this distinction objectionable, Bourke is primarily concerned with "hard" science - reviewing the work done by evolutionary biologists, geneticists, and ecologists. He is not discussing how inclusive fitness theory might apply to the social sciences or to evolutionary psychology. Stuart A. West, Claire El Mouden, Andy Gardner provide such a review in their article "Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans," Evolution and Human Behavior 32 (2011) 231-262.
Bourke's concern, again, is how inclusive fitness theory can account for the major transitions in the history of life, from the emergence of eukaryotes to that of multicellular organisms to that of social organisms. This, I think we should agree, is ambitious enough.
Principles of Social Evolution is divided into seven chapters:
1. An expanded view of social evolution
2. A primer in inclusive fitness theory
3. The major transitions in light of inclusive fitness theory
4. Social group formation
5. Social group maintenance
6. Social group transformation
7. Synthesis and conclusions
Of these, I found chapter 2, "A primer in inclusive fitness theory," to be exceptionally accomplished. Bourke thoroughly works through the logic, proofs, and derivations of Hamilton's rule. He is not dogmatically following Hamilton or Dawkins or Maynard Smith; rather, he is comprehensively reviewing and in some cases synthesizing almost a half-century of scholarship following Hamilton's 1964 proposal of inclusive fitness theory (aka, kin selection theory).
The sub-chapters titles might give some sense of his level of coverage:
2.2 The effects of related on evolvable types of social action. Cooperation (narrow sense). Altruism. Selfishness. Spite.
2.3. Social conflict and the tragedy of the commons. Examples of kin-selected conflict. Intragenomic and intergenomic conflict. The tragedy of commons.
2.4 Assumptions of inclusive fitness theory. The scale of social behavior relative to dispersal. Causes of relatedness, interests of other loci, green-beard genes, and consequences for social evolution. Facultative gene expression. Genes for social action in nature.
Etc. Chapter 2 alone made the book worth the price for me.
Throughout Principles of Social Evolution, Bourke substantiates his claims with both scholarship and relevant examples. Likewise, the presentation of information in tables, charts, boxed content, and illustrations is generally good, with some of the tables and charts being particularly helpful or cogent. Bourke also ends each chapter with a summary of its main points. And his references section is everything it should be; the book's author index, reliable; the subject index, likewise.
I found Bourke's overall argument highly persuasive, that "each stage in a major transition to individuality (social group formation, maintenance, and transformation) frequently involves the same evolutionary principles acting in analogous ways at the different hierarchical levels" (198). Furthermore, that "social evolutionary theory in its expanded form" - Bourke's synthesis and application of work in inclusive fitness theory - "offers an interpretation of the selective basis of life's basic organization and history more profound and satisfying than alternative frameworks" and "conceptually unifies a very large range of different phenomena across all taxa, hierarchal levels, and times" (198-200).
I highly recommend this book to anyone both interested in the general topics of Hamilton's rule, social evolution & inclusive fitness theory, and who is willing to read technical and not just popular literature on the same.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Best written and most authoratative summary of the whole sweep of social evolution available.
By Paul J. Watson
I'm an evolutionary biologist with a central interest in social behavior (PhD, Cornell University, 1988.). I post-doc'ed with Bill Hamilton. I was fortunate to have some of the best evolutionary ecology mentors and colleagues around me for my whole life. I say, this book is both wonderful, thrilling, and authoritative. If you really want to know what's being figured out in this stunning area of biology, even if you are not a biologist at all, this is the book for you. It is the best written serious summary of the whole sweep of social evolution you can get. Buy this book, get into adult mode and be ready for a little very worthwhile work, and enjoy. I keep this book by my bedside with about 15 other "sacred texts." Note, my relatedness to the author is zero. -- Paul J. Watson, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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